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An issue 2 1982 ZX Spectrum Developer Manufacturer Type Generation Release date United Kingdom: 23 April 1982; 35 years ago ( 1982-04-23) Retail availability 1982–1992 Discontinued 1992 Units sold 5 million (not including clones) Media, on Spectrum +3 @ 3. Roblox Dll Hack Injector 2014. 5 MHz and equivalent Memory 16 / 48 KB / 128 KB Predecessor Successor The ZX Spectrum (: ) is an personal released in the United Kingdom in 1982. Referred to during development as the ZX81 Colour and ZX82, it was launched as the ZX Spectrum by Sinclair to highlight the machine's colour display, compared with the of its predecessor, the. The Spectrum was released as eight different models, ranging from the entry level with 16 RAM released in 1982 to the ZX Spectrum +3 with 128 KB RAM and built in drive in 1987; together they sold over 5 million units worldwide (not counting ). The Spectrum was among the first mainstream-audience home computers in the UK, similar in significance to the in the USA.

The introduction of the ZX Spectrum led to a boom in companies producing and for the machine, the effects of which are still seen. Some credit it as the machine which launched the UK IT industry. Licensing deals and clones followed, and earned a knighthood for 'services to British industry'. The Commodore 64,, and, and later the range were rivals to the Spectrum in the UK market during the early 1980s. Over since the Spectrum's launch and new titles continue to be released long after the system was discontinued in 1992—over 100 in 2012. ZX Spectrum 48K motherboard (Issue 3B — 1983, heat sink removed) The Spectrum is based on a A running at 3.5 (or clone).

The original model has 16 KB (16×1024 ) of and either 16 KB or 48 KB of. Hardware design was by of Sinclair Research, and the outward appearance was designed by Sinclair's industrial designer. Video output is through an and was designed for use with contemporary sets, for a simple colour graphic display.

Liberty Basic 4 Companion. Text can be displayed using 32 columns × 24 rows of characters from the or from a set provided within an application, from a palette of 15 shades: seven colours at two levels of brightness each, plus black. The is 256×192 with the same colour limitations. To conserve memory, colour is stored separate from the pixel in a low resolution, 32×24 grid overlay, corresponding to the character cells. In practice, this means that all pixels of an 8x8 character block share one and one. Altwasser received a for this design.

An 'attribute' consists of a foreground and a background colour, a brightness level (normal or bright) and a flashing 'flag' which, when set, causes the two colours to swap at regular intervals. This scheme leads to what was dubbed colour clash or, where a desired colour of a specific pixel could not necessarily be selected. This became a distinctive feature of the Spectrum, meaning programs, particularly games, had to be designed around this limitation. Other machines available around the same time, for example the or the, did not suffer from this limitation. The Commodore 64 used colour attributes in a similar way, but a special, hardware and were used to avoid. Sound output is through a beeper on the machine itself, capable of producing one channel with 10 octaves. Was later available that could play two channel sound.

The machine includes an and 3.5 mm audio in/out ports for the connection of a for loading and saving programs and data. The 'ear' port can drive headphones and the 'mic' port provides audio out which could be amplified.

It was manufactured in, Scotland, in the now closed factory. Firmware [ ] The machine's interpreter is stored in ROM (along with fundamental system-routines) and was written by on contract from Nine Tiles Ltd. The Spectrum's (on top of a membrane, similar to calculator keys) is marked with BASIC keywords. Download Software Hp 2510 Service Manual. For example, pressing 'G' when in programming mode would insert the BASIC command. The BASIC interpreter was developed from that used on the and a ZX81 BASIC program can be typed into a Spectrum largely unmodified, but Spectrum BASIC included many extra features making it easier to use. The was expanded from that of the ZX81, which did not feature lower-case letters.